Species (& synonyms)	Oroxylum indicum (L.) Benth. ex Kurz =Bignonia indica L.
Vernacular name	Bune paale, Pathagani (Kan.); Palakapayyyani.(Mal.); Achi, Pana, Vangam (Tam.)
Family	BIGNONIACEAE
Taxonomic status	Species
Habit	Tree
Habitat	Dry deciduous to moist deciduous forest
Original global distribution	Indo-malesia
Current regional distribution	Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
- Elevation (m)	75 - 1,000
- Range (km^2)	> 10,000 (KA)	< 3,000 (KL)	< 5,000 (TN)
- Area occupied (km^2)	< 1,000 (KA)	< 50 (KL)	< 100 (TN)
- No. of locations	Severely fragmented (KA)	50 (KL)	3 (TN)
Population Trends
- % decline	> 20 (KA)	> 50 (KL)	Not known (TN)
- Time/Rate ( years or generations)	3 generations
- No. of mature individuals	Not assessed (KA)	< 1,000 (KL)	Not known
Global population	Not assessed
Regional population	Not assessed
Data quality	General field studies, informal sightings, indirect observation and literature.
Recent field studies	KFD (1998), Glalgundi in Shimoga and Nedkunda in N.Kannada; P.S.Udayan, S.P.Subramani (1996), Subramanya MPCA; P.S.Udayan (1996-97), Asoka forest and BRT hills; S.P.Subramani (1998), Balagund, Warkhad (KA). N.Sasidharan (1987-94), Thrissur, Walayar and Kollam; S.Aroumougame (1993-97), Palakkad; A.E.Shanawaz Khan (1995), Dhoni; A.G.Pandurangan (1995), Parambikulam; P.S.Udayan (1997-98), Ayyappanmala, Nellikkuttam forest, Thommankuth, Konnakkadavu, Ambalamala and Edavani forest (KL) V.S.Ramachandran (1998), Anamalai; Jebaraj (1991), Saduragiri (TN).
Threats	Harvest for medicine (Hm), Loss of habitat (L), Trade of parts (Tp).
Trade	Commercial
Other comments	Roots and stem bark are used in Ayurveda and folk medicines. Large scale cultivation is advised to meet future demands. Population and regeneration studies are undertaken in Arekal, Sampaje in Coorg (C.G.Kushalappa, 1997). Occurrence of natural population in TN needs further studies as it may be introduced. Germination percentage is low.
Status
-IUCN:	VU (KA)	EN (KL)	DD (TN)
- Criteria based on	Population reduction (A1a.c) – KA Population reduction (Aa.c.d), Extent of occurrence (B2a.c) – KL
- CITES	No
- IWPA (1972; 91)	No
- National legialation	Not in negative list of exports (Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13-4.98, 1997-2002)
Recommendations
- Research management	Monitoring (M), Limiting factor research (Lr), Habitat management (Hm), Husbandry research (H), Germplasm, reproductive barriers and ecological niches to be studied (O).
- P.H.V.A.	Yes
Cultivation prog. recommendations	Identify best strain for subsequent commercial propagation.
- Cultivation	Level 1 (ex-situ)
- Level of difficulty	Level 1 (Least difficult)
Existing cultivation	Yes
- Names of facilities	In Kerala, it is often grown in households to support pepper plant. Occasionally cultivated in gardens and temples. Germplasm collection and ex-situ multiplication done in UAS, Ponampet. Cultivation done in social forestry, Mysore, TBGRI, CIMH, AVS.
Previous assessment	VU (Regionally) DD (Globally) in Camp II (Feb 96) compiled by S.S.R.Bennet, V.Chelladurai, R.J.R.Daniels, C.G.Kushalappa, Michael Maunder, A.G.Pandurangan, Purshottam Singh, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sally Walker, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, B.V.Shetty, M.Sivadasan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.
Sources	N.Sasidharan, P.S.Udayan, S.P.Subramani, KFD, C.G.Kushalappa, S.Aroumougame, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, A.G.Pandurangan, V.S.Ramachandran, Jebaraj (persn. observn.).
Compilers	M.Abdul Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha, R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram, C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan, K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan, V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.