Species (& synonyms)	Celastrus paniculatus Willd.
Vernacular name	Karigonne, Bhavanga beeja, Gangunde kayi (Kan.); Palulavam (Mal.); Vaaluluvai (Tam.).
Family	CELASTRACEAE
Taxonomic status	Species
Habit	Climbing shrub to liana.
Habitat	Dry deciduous to semi-evergreen forest.
Original global distribution	Indo-Malesia to China and Australia.
Current regional distribution	Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
- Elevation (m)	Plains to 1,200
- Range (km^2)	> 50,000 (KA)	< 4,000 (KL)	> 20,000 (TN)
- Area occupied (km^2)	> 2,000 (KA)	< 50 (KL)	> 2,000 (TN)
- No. of locations	Many (KA)	100 (KL)	Many (TN)
Population Trends
- % decline	< 20 (KA)	> 20 (KL)	< 10 (TN)
- Time/Rate ( years or generations)	3 generations
- No. of mature individuals	Many (KA)	< 100 (KL)	Many (TN)
Global population	Not assessed
Regional population	Declining gradually
Data quality	General field studies, informal sightings, indirect observation, literature and herbarium data
Recent field studies	C.G.Kushalappa (1992-95), Tumkur and BRT Hills; M.D.Subash Chandran (1996), Kumta; K.Ravikumar, G.S.Goraya, P.S.Udayan, S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Kudremukha, Agumbe, Charmady, Kemmangundi, Subramanya Savanadurga MPCAs; K.Ravikumar (1997), Tiptur forests, BIRD-K MPCP; P.S.Udayan (1997-98), Asoka forest, BRT hills, Adhinaykanahalli forest, Bevanahalli forest, Sonnatti forest, Jambotti forest, Mysore and Kolar Dists.; S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Bidare kaval, Siddare betta, Sogal, Rangapanhalli, Kirpoli, Lakkihalli, Balagund, Jogimatti, Garaga kaval, Bevina halli, Warkhad, Kudure kanivu, Neerthadi (KA). S.Aroumougame (1993-96), Palakkad; A.E.Shanawaz Khan (1995), Palode, Idukki and Palakkad; P.S.Udayan (1996), Kodanadu, Nilgiris; A.G.Pandurangan (1996), Triveni MPCA; N.Mohanan (1994-95), Bonacaud; N.Anil Kumar (1992-93), Pathanamthitta; P.S.Udayan (1997-98), Mulayankadu, Kulamavu, Purakkayam, Nellikkuttam, Muthikulam, Thommankuth, Konnakkadavu, Ambalamala, Moozhikkal, Ponthanpuzha, Nilakkal, Edavani, Marayoor, Mannavan shola, Palakambu, Nelliyampathy (KL). V.S.Ramachandran (1995), Top Slip MPCA; M.B.Viswanathan (1992-96), Kolli hills; K.Ravikumar (1983-97), Madurai, Chengalpattu, South Arcot, Thenkanikotta forest, Pudukottai forest, Alagar hills, Karandha malai, Thiruvanamalai forest, Chinna Kalrayan forest, Kurangani forest and Thenmalai MPCAs; R.Gopalan (1988), Tirunelveli; P.S.Udayan (1996), Ayyur forest, Guttirayan forest and Chitheri forest; S.P.Subramani (1998), Sundramagalinga malai (TN).
Threats	Harvest for medicine (Hm), Loss of habitat (L), Trade for part (Tp).
Trade	Local, commercial, International.
Other comments	Oil from seeds used for massage. Roots and seeds are medicinal. K.T.Mathew (1996) published a new subspecies namely C. paniculatus subsp. aggregatus on the character mainly based on the length of the inflorescence. Accordingly the plants with long inflorescence available in the coast to dry deciduous are subspecies paniculatus and those with short inflorescence that are seen in the higher altitudes of semi-evergreen forests are of subspecies aggregatus. Dr.Seeni from TBGRI standardising the protocol for the multiplication of this species through tissue culture. Seeds, fruits, leaves and roots are commercially traded in large quantities. Seeds are recalcitrant and have low viability. Trade studies are needed. Proportion global population in Tamil Nadu < 20%.
Status
- IUCN	LRnt (KA)	VU (KL)	LRnt (TN)
- Criteria based on	Population reduction (A1a.c) – KL
- CITES	No
- IWPA (1972; 91)	No
- National legialation	Not in negative list of exports (Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13.4.98, 1997-2002)
Recommendations	Trade studies
- Research management	Habitat management (Hm), Cultivation related studies (O), Limiting factor research (Lr).
- P.H.V.A.	No
Cultivation prog. recommendations
- Cultivation	Level 1 (ex-situ)
- Level of difficulty	Level 2 (Moderately difficult)
Existing cultivation	Yes
- Names of facilities	Sample specimens are grown in UAS, Bangalore, TBGRI, Arboretum of Mangalore University and many MPCPs. Seed gene banks are available in CIMH, KFRI, and TBGRI.
Previous assessment	VU in CAMP–III (Jan.‘97) compiled by M.Sivadasan, K.R.Keshava Murthy, V.S.Ramachandran, V.Chelladurai, G.S.Goraya, N.Loganathan, Meera Iyer.
Sources	K.R.Keshava Murthy, C.G.Kushalappa, M.B.Viswanathan, N.Mohanan, N.Anil Kumar, K.Ravikumar, S.Aroumougame, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, P.S.Udayan, V.S.Ramachandran, A.G.Pandurangan, M.D.Subhash Chandran, R.Gopalan (persn. observn.).
Compilers	M.Abdul Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha, R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram, C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan, K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan, V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.