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Species (& synonyms) |
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem.
& Schult.) DC. =E. acutipetalum (Lam. ex Hassk.) S.M.&
M.R.Almeida |
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Vernacular name |
Vaivaling (Kan.); Vilal (Mal.); Vaivilangam (Tam.). |
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Family |
MYRSINACEAE |
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Taxonomic status |
Species |
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Habit |
Scandant shrub |
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Habitat |
Deciduous
to semi-evergreen forests. |
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Original global distribution |
India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. |
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Current regional
distribution |
Karnataka,
Kerala and Tamil Nadu |
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- Elevation (m) |
600 – 1,600 |
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- Range (km2) |
>
20,000 (KA) |
<
2,500 (KL) |
>
20,000 (TN) |
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- Area occupied (km2) |
>
2,000 (KA) |
<
150 (KL) |
< 1,000 (TN) |
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- No. of locations |
Many (KA) |
> 15 (KL) |
Few (TN) |
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Population Trends |
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- % decline |
> 20 (KA) |
> 20 (KL) |
> 20 (TN) |
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- Time/Rate (years or
generations) |
10 years |
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- No. of mature individuals |
Not
known (KA) |
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Many
(TN) |
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Global population |
Not assessed |
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Regional population |
Declining |
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Data quality |
General field studies and herbarium data |
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Recent field studies |
C.G.Kushalappa
(1995), BRT Hills and Devarayana durga; K.Ravikumar, P.S.Udayan,
S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Subramanya, Savanadurga and Devimane MPCAs;
P.S.Udayan (1997), BRT hills; S.P.Subramani (1998), Kirpoli, Balagund,
Warkhad, Sogal (KA).
A.G.Pandurangan (1995-96), Idukki; S.Aroumougame (1996), Attapady and
Walayar; N.Mohanan (1994-95), Agasthiarmalai; N.Sasidharan (1995), Thrissur;
S.Sivarajan (1992), Nilambur; P.S.Udayan (1997-98), Ayyappanmala,
Nellikkuttam, Muthikulam, Konnakkadavu (KL).
K.Ravikumar (1987-97), Bodi Mettu, Vellimalai, Megamalai, Kolli hills;
M.B.Viswanathan (1995), Kolli hills; D.Stephen (1996), Mudumalai; M.P.Nayar
(1996), Peechiparai (TN). |
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Threats |
Harvest
for medicine (Hm), Loss of habitat (L), Land slides (S), Trade (T). |
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Trade |
Local, commercial. |
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Other comments |
Seeds
used as an adulterant with E. ribes.
Proportion global population in Tamil Nadu < 1%. |
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Status |
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- IUCN |
VU (KA) |
VU (KL) |
VU (TN) |
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- Criteria based on |
Population reduction, (A1a.c.d) – KA, KL & TN. |
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- CITES |
No |
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- IWPA (1972; 91) |
No |
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- National legialation |
Not in negative list of exports
(Notification 2 (RE-98) dt. 13.4.98,1997-2002) |
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Recommendations |
Trade studies |
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- Research management |
Monitoring (M), Habitat management (Hm),
and Micro propagation (O). |
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- P.H.V.A. |
No |
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Cultivation prog.
recommendations |
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- Cultivation |
Level 3 (research) |
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- Level of difficulty |
Level 2 (Moderately difficult) |
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Existing cultivation |
Yes |
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- Names of facilities |
Introduced in the experimental gardens of CIMH,
KFRI, and TBGRI. |
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Previous assessment |
VU in CAMP–III (Jan. ‘97) compiled by B.V.Shetty,
S.R.Ramesh, J.L.Ellis, K.Ravikumar, A.G.Pandurangan, K.R.Geetha, Purushotham
Singh, R.Latha, M.B.Viswanathan, M.P.Nayar, D.Stephen. |
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Sources |
K.Ravikumar,
C.G.Kushalappa, S.Aroumougame, A.G.Pandurangan, P.S.Udayan, N.Sasidharan,
N.Mohanan (persn. observn.). |
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Compilers |
M.Abdul
Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana
Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha,
R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram,
C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan,
K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan, V.Prabhakaran,
V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan,
A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar,
T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy
Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon,
M. B. swanathan. |
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