Species (& synonyms)	Smilax zeylanica L.
Vernacular name	Kaadu hambu thaavare (Kan.); Karivilanti (Mal.); Kaattu kodi (Tam.)
Family	LILIACEAE (SMILACACEAE)
Taxonomic status	Species
Habit	Prickly climbing shrub
Habitat	Deciduous to shola forests
Original global distribution	Indo-malesia to China
Current regional distribution	Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
- Elevation (m)	500 – 2,200
- Range (km^2)	> 20,000 (KA)	> 20,000 (KL)	> 20,000 (TN)
- Area occupied (km^2)	> 2,000 (KA)	< 500 (KL)	> 2,000 (TN)
- No. of locations	Many (KA)	Many (KL)	Many (TN)
Population Trends
- % decline	< 20 (KA)	> 20 (KL)	No decline (TN)
- Time/Rate (years or generations)	10 years
- No. of mature individuals	> 3,000 (KA)	> 2,000 (KL)	> 5,000 (TN)
Global population	Not assessed
Regional population	Stable
Data quality	General field studies, informal sightings, indirect observation, literature and herbarium data.
Recent field studies	K.Ravikumar, G.S.Goraya, P.S.Udayan, S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Agumbe, Charmady, Kudremukha, Kemmangundi, Talacauveri and Subramanya MPCAs; P.S.Udayan (196-97), BRT hills, Asoka forest, Jambotti forest; S.P.Subramani (1998), Warkhad (KA). A.E.Shanawaz Khan (1994), Thiruvananthapuram; A.G.Pandurangan (1995), Triveni MPCA; N.Anil Kumar (1993), Pathanamthitta; N.Mohanan (1994-95), Agasthiarmalai; P.S.Udayan (1997-98), Murijan Puzha RF, Kulamavu, Nellikkuttam, Muthikulam, Thommankuth, Konnakkadavu, Moozhikkal, Ponthanpuzha (KL). K.Ravikumar (1985-98), Pachakumatchi, Bodi Mettu, Kodayar, Agasthiarmalai, Vellimalai, Kolli hills; V.Chelladurai and S.P.Subramani (1995), Courtallum and Peechiparai; P.S.Udayan (1995), Coonoor, Kodanadu and Kotagiri, Nilgiris M.B.Viswanathan (1995), Kolli and Javadi hills; D.Narasimhan (1990-97), Kolli and Javadi hills; P.S.Udayan (1997), Sirumalai forest; S.P.Subramani (1997), Sirumalai (TN).
Threats	Harvest for timber (Ht), Over exploitation (Ov), Harvest for medicine (Hm), Loss of habitat (L).
Trade	Local, commercial
Other comments	Used as a substitute for S.china. Roots and leaves in trade. Stem is used to make baskets. Plants used as medicine in folk and Ayurveda systems. Proportion global population in Tamil Nadu < 5%.
Status
- IUCN	LRnt (KA)	VU (KL)	LRlc (TN)
- Criteria based on	Population reduction, (A1a.c.d) - KL
- CITES	No
- IWPA (1972; 91)	No
- National legialation	Not in negative list of exports (Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13.4.98, 1997-2002)
Recommendations
- Research management	Monitoring (M), Habitat management (Hm).
- P.H.V.A.	No
Cultivation prog. recommendations
- Cultivation	Level 3 (research)
- Level of difficulty	Level 1 (Least difficult)
Existing cultivation	Yes
- Names of facilities	Sample specimens are grown in UAS, Bangalore and many MPCPs.
Previous assessment	LRnt (Regionally) & DD (Globally) in CAMP–III (Jan.‘97) compiled by M.Sivadasan, K.R.Keshava Murthy, V.S.Ramachandran, V.Chelladurai, G.S.Goraya, N.Loganathan, Meera Iyer.
Sources	V.Chelladurai, S.P.Subramani, N.Anil Kumar, K.R.Keshava Murthy, V.S.Ramachandran, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, P.S.Udayan; M.B.Viswanathan, D.Narasimhan (persn. observn.).
Compilers	M.Abdul Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha, R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram, C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan, K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan, V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.