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Species (& synonyms) |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. = T. malabarica (Lam.) Hook.f. &
Thoms. = T. tomentosa (Coleb.) Hook.f. &
Thoms. |
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Vernacular name |
Sudarshana balli (Kan.); Kattu
amirthu (Mal.). |
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Family |
MENISPERMACEAE |
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Taxonomic status |
Species |
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Habit |
Climber |
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Habitat |
Moist
deciduous to semi-evergreen forests |
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Original global
distribution |
Indo-malesia,
China, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia |
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Current regional
distribution |
Karnataka
and Kerala. Not reported from Tamil Nadu. |
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- Elevation (m) |
600
– 1,000 |
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- Range (km2) |
>
20,000 (KA) |
>
2,500 (KL) |
- |
|
- Area occupied (km2) |
<
500 (KA) |
<
250 (KL) |
- |
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- No. of locations |
Few
(KA) |
25
(KL) |
- |
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Population Trends |
|
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- % decline |
>
20 (KA) |
<
10 (KL) |
- |
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- Time/Rate ( years or
generations) |
10
years |
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- No. of mature individuals |
<
100 (KA) |
Many
(KL) |
- |
|
Global population |
Not
assessed |
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Regional population |
Declining
gradually |
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Data quality |
General
field studies, informal sightings, indirect observation and literature. |
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Recent field studies |
KFD,
FORTI (1998), Karehalli, Shimoga; K.Ravikumar and P.S.Udayan (1997), Bisle
Ghat, Charmady Ghat; S.P.Subramani (1998), Balagund, Warkhad (KA). N.Sasidharan (1994-95), Peechi,
Periyar Tiger Reserve forest and Athirapalli; P.S.Udayan (1997-98),
Ayyappanmala, Thommankuth, Konnakkadavu and Ambalamala, Moozhikkal,
Ponthanpuzha and Nilakkal, Nelliyampathy; N.Mohanan (1995), Thiruvananthapuram;
A.E.Shanawaz Khan (1995), Bharathnur; S.Aroumougame (1995), Palakkad;
A.G.Pandurangan (1994), Poothundi, Athirapalli; K.Ravikumar (1998), Peechi
MPCA (KL). |
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Threats |
Harvest
for medicine (Hm), Loss of habitat (L), Trade of parts (Tp), Human
interference. |
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Trade |
Local,
commercial. |
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Other comments |
Plants
traded, stem medicinal. Regeneration through stem cutting is very effective. |
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Status |
|
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-IUCN: |
VU (KA) |
LRnt (KL) |
NE (TN) |
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- Criteria based on |
Population
reduction (A1a.c) – KA |
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- CITES |
No |
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- IWPA (1972; 91) |
No |
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- National legialation |
Not in negative list of exports
(Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13.4.98, 1997-2002) |
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Recommendations |
|
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- Research management |
Limiting
factor research (Lr). |
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- P.H.V.A. |
No |
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Cultivation prog.
recommendations |
|
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- Cultivation |
Level
3 (research) |
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- Level of difficulty |
Level
1 (Least difficult) |
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Existing cultivation |
Yes |
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- Names of facilities |
Sample
specimens are grown in KFRI, CIMH. |
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Previous assessment |
VU (Regionally), DD
(Globally) in Camp II (Feb 96) compiled by S.S.R.Bennet, V.Chelladurai,
R.J.R.Daniels, C.G.Kushalappa, Michael Maunder, A.G.Pandurangan, Purshottam
Singh, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sally Walker, Sanjay Molur,
N.Sasidharan, B.V.Shetty, M.Sivadasan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon,
M.B.Viswanathan. |
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Sources |
KFD,
FORTI, N.Sasidharan, P.S.Udayan, K.Ravikumar, A.G.Pandurangan (persn.
observn.). |
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Compilers |
M.Abdul
Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana
Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha,
R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram,
C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan,
K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan,
V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur,
N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty,
B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali,
S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath,
P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan. |
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