Species (& synonyms)	Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Mull.Arg. =B.axillare Bl.
Vernacular name	Kaduharalu(Kan.); Naga danti (Mal.); Pey amanakku (Tam.).
Family	EUPHORBIACEAE
Taxonomic status	Species
Habit	Undershrub
Habitat	Moist deciduous to semi-evergreen forests
Original global distribution	Indo-Malesia
Current regional distribution	Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
- Elevation (m)	± 600
- Range (km^2)	> 20,000 (KA)	> 3,000 (KL)	Not known (TN)
- Area occupied (km^2)	> 2,000 (KA)	< 100 (KL)	Not known (TN)
- No. of locations	Many, scattered (KA)	100 (KL)	Not known (TN)
Population Trends
- % decline	> 20 (KA)	> 20 (KL)	Not known (TN)
- Time/Rate ( years or generations)	3 generations
- No. of mature individuals	Not known (KA)	> 5,000 (KL)	Not known (TN)
Global population	Not known
Regional population	Declining
Data quality	General field studies, informal sightings, indirect observation, literature and herbarium data.
Recent field studies	T.Ananda Rao (1991), Gundalpet and Mysore; K.R.Keshava Murthy (1996), Uttara Kannada (KA). A.E.Shanawaz Khan (1995-96), Nilambur; S.Aroumougame (1994-96), Walayar, Olavakkode, Nelliyampathy and Agali, Palakkad; V.S.Ramachandran (1996), Parambikulam; N.Sasidharan (1996), Peechi, Thrissur, Periyar; P.S.Udayan (1998), Purakkayam, Nellikkuttam forest, Muthikulam, Ambalamala (KL).
Threats	Harvest for medicine (Hm), Loss of habitat (L), Over exploitation (Ov), Trade (T).
Trade	Local, commercial.
Other comments	The species was not collected from Tamil Nadu since 1921, as reported by C.E.C.Fischer from Coimbatore. Now the new name is Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.f. )Suresh – Ref.: Nicolson et al Interp. Hort. Malab. 106. 1988. Roots and whole plants are extensively used for medicine. Seed collection for trade affects natural regeneration. Widely collected from wild. Almost wiped out in Coorg and Nagarahole (K.R.Keshava Murthy). The seed oil is medicinal.
Status
- IUCN	VU (KA)	VU (KL)	DD (TN)
- Criteria based on	Population reduction (A1a.c.d) – KA & KL
- CITES	No
- IWPA (1972; 91)	No
- National legialation	Not in negative list of exports (Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13.4.98, 1997-2002)
Recommendations
- Research management	Monitoring (M), Habitat management (Hm), Limiting factor research (Lr), Trade studies (O).
- P.H.V.A.	No
Cultivation prog. recommendations
- Cultivation	Level 3 (research)
- Level of difficulty	Level 1 (Least difficult) – through root suckers
Existing cultivation	Yes
- Names of facilities	Sample specimens are grown in TBGRI, CIMH and Mysore Ayurveda college.
Previous assessment	VU in CAMP–III (Jan.‘97) compiled by B.V.Shetty, S.R.Ramesh, J.L.Ellis, K.Ravikumar, A.G.Pandurangan, K.R.Geetha, Purushotham Singh, R.Latha.
Sources	A.G.Pandurangan, K.R.Keshava Murthy, V.S.Ramachandran, K.Ravikumar, S.Aroumougame, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, P.S.Udayan, J.L.Ellis, S.R.Ramesh, N.Sasidharan (persn. observn.).
Compilers	M.Abdul Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha, R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram, C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan, K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan, V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.