Species (& synonyms)	Canarium strictum Roxb.
Vernacular name	Hale maddu (Kan.); Kunthirikum, Karuttu kungiliyam (Mal.); Sambrani, Karunkungilium (Tam).
Family	BURSERACEAE
Taxonomic status	Species
Habit	Tree
Habitat	Moist deciduous to evergreen forest
Original global distribution	Indo-Burma
Current regional distribution	Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Elevation (m)	750 - 1,400
- Range (km^2)	> 20,000 (KA)	< 4,000 (KL)	> 20,000 (TN)
- Area occupied (km^2)	< 2,000 (KA)	< 250 (KL)	> 2,000 (TN)
- No. of locations	Many (KA)	100 (KL)	Many (TN)
Population Trends
- % decline	> 20 (KA)	> 20 (KL)	> 20 (TN)
- Time/Rate ( years or generations)	3 generations
- No. of mature individuals	> 1,000 (KA)	> 5,000 (KL)	> 1,000 (TN)
Global population	Not assessed
Regional population	Declining gradually
Data quality	General field studies, informal sighting, indirect observation, literature and herbarium data.
Recent field studies	K.R.Keshava Murthy (1996), Uttara Kannada; C.G.Kushalappa (1996), Coorg; P.S.Udayan (1997), BRT Hills; Dasappa (1997), Sagar; K.Ravikumar, P.S.Udayan, S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Agumbe, Kudremukha, Subramanya, Talacauveri and Charmady MPCAs; S.P.Subramani (1998), Kirpoli (KA). S.Aroumougame (1996-97), Attapady, Walayar and Nelliyampathy ranges and Muthikulam forest; N.Mohanan (1994-95), Kurisumalai; A.E.Shanawaz Khan (1996), Pathanamthitta and Thiruvananthapuram Dist; K.Ravikumar (1993-94), Gudumpara, Munnar; N.Anil Kumar (1992-93), Pathanamthitta; P.S.Udayan (1997-98), Kulamavu, Purakkayam, Nellikkuttam forest, Moozhikkal, Nilakkal, Edavani and Nelliyampathy (KL). M.B.Viswanathan (1992-96), Kolli Hills; K.Ravikumar (1983-97), Vellimalai, Thandikudi, Kodai hills, Tirunelveli hills; K.Ravikumar and V.Prabhakaran (1998), Kolli hills; M.P.Nayar (1996), Kodayar; M.B.Viswanathan (1995), Kolli hills; R.Gopalan (1991), Tirunelveli hills; D.Stephen (1995), Siruvani (TN).
Threats	Harvest for medicine (Hm), Loss of habitat (L), Human interference (I), Over exploitation (Ov), Trade for parts (Tp), Harvest for timber (Ht).
Trade	Local, commercial.
Other comments	Resin extracted for medicine and incense. Resin is exported. Information on growing stock on regeneration status for 8 locations in Coorg (C.G.Kushalappa, 1999). Imperial pigeon disperses the fruits. A good population (> 100 lofty trees) in Gudumpara, Munnar are standing as stumps due to resin extraction by chipping the barks by locals for trade. Proportion global population in Tamil Nadu < 10%.
Status
- IUCN	VU (KA)	VU (KL)	VU (TN)
- Criteria based on	Population reduction (A1a.c.d) – KA, KL & TN.
- CITES	No
- IWPA (1972; 91)	No
- National legialation	Not in negative list of exports (Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13.4.98, 1997-2002)
Recommendations	Trade studies
- Research management	Habitat management (Hm), Cultivation, Genetic management (O).
- P.H.V.A.	No
Cultivation prog. recommendations
- Cultivation	Level 1 (ex-situ)
- Level of difficulty	Level 3 (Very difficult)
Existing cultivation	Yes
- Names of facilities	Sample specimens are grown in Kalkere, UAS, Bangalore, TBGRI, and Arboretum of Mangalore University.
Previous assessment	VU in CAMP–III (Jan. ‘97) compiled by B.V.Shetty, S.R.Ramesh, J.L.Ellis, K.Ravikumar, A.G.Pandurangan, K.R.Geetha, Purushotham Singh, R.Latha.
Sources	K.R.Keshava Murthy, C.G.Kushalappa, M.B.Viswanathan, N.Mohanan, N.Anil kumar, K.Ravikumar, S.Aroumougame, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, P.S.Udayan, M.P.Nayar, R.Gopalan, D.Stephen (persn. observn.).
Compilers	M.Abdul Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha, R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram, C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan, K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.