Species (& synonyms)	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr.
Vernacular name	Bilpatre (Kan.); Kovalum (Mal.); Vilvam (Tam.)
Family	RUTACEAE
Taxonomic status	Species
Habit	Tree
Habitat	From sea level to deciduous forest
Original global distribution	India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka (wild and cultivated). S.E.Asia, Tropical Africa and United States of America (cultivated).
Current regional distribution	Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. No wild population in Kerala.
- Elevation (m)	Sea level to 1,200
- Range (km^2)	> 50, 000 (KA)		> 20,000 (TN).
- Area occupied (km^2)	> 5,000 (KA)		> 2,000 (TN).
- No. of locations	Many (KA)		Many (TN)
Population Trends
- % decline	> 20 (KA)		> 20 (TN)
- Time/Rate (years or generations)	3 generations
- No. of mature individuals	Many (KA)		Many (TN)
Global population	Not assessed
Regional population	Declining
Data quality	General field studies, informal sighting and indirect observation.
Recent field studies	P.S.Udayan, K.Ravikumar and S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Savanadurga MPCA; Y.N.Seetharam (1994-95), Sandur and Karpakapalli MPCAs; Flora of Karnataka Vol.2 (1996), Bangalore, Belgaum, Bidar, Dharwar, Hassan, Mysore, Raichar, Tumkur, Uttara Kannada; K.Ravikumar (1997), Tiptur forest; S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Bidare kaval, Yogi kolla and Sogal (KA). D.Narasimhan (1997), Javadi hills; R.Gopalan (1982), Siruvani; M.P.Nayar (1995), Thadikarakonam, Kanniyakumari; D.Stephen (1994), Mudumalai; K.Ravikumar (1997-98), Thiruvanamalai forest, Thenkanikotta forest; P.S.Udayan (1997), Ayyur forest, Panai forest, Shembaga thoppu forest, Guttirayan forest, Sonnatti forest; S.P.Subramani (1997-98), Narthamalai, Keelakuruchi scared groves, Manganampathy forest (TN).
Threats	Over exploitation (Ov), Harvest (H).
Trade	Local, Commercial.
Other comments	Root barks and fruit pulps are traded heavily for high medicinal value. It is a sacred tree. Leaves used in the treatment of opthalmia. Proportion global population in Tamil Nadu @ 5%.
Status
-IUCN:	VU (KA)	NE (KL)		VU (TN)
- Criteria based on	Population reduction (A1a)
- CITES	No
- IWPA (1972; 91)	No
- National legialation	Not in negative list of exports (Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13-4.98, 1997-2002)
Recommendations
- Research management	Survey-search and find (S) – KL Habitat management (Hm), Crop selection for larger fruits (O) – KA & TN
- P.H.V.A.	No
Cultivation prog. Recommendations	No
- Cultivation	Level 1 (ex-situ)
- Level of difficulty	Level 2 (Moderately difficult)
Existing cultivation	Yes
- Names of facilities	Cultivation done in KFRI by using macro propagation techniques from stem cutting through growth regulators. TBGRI has under taken in vitro propagation. Tamil Nadu FD Nursery, Chennai. Commonly cultivated in temple premises and home yards. Seedlings are raised in almost all MPCPs.
Previous assessment	VU (Regionally), DD (Globally) in Camp II (Feb 96) compiled by S.S.R.Bennet, V.Chelladurai, R.J.R.Daniels, C.G.Kushalappa, Michael Maunder, A.G.Pandurangan, Purshottam Singh, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sally Walker, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, B.V.Shetty, M.Sivadasan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.
Sources	P.S.Udayan, K.Ravikumar, S.P.Subramani, Y.N.Seetharam, D.Narasimhan, R.Gopalan, M.P.Nayar, D.Stephen (persn. observn.). K.Narayanan Nair in Flora of India (1998), Vol.4:264-265.
Compilers	M.Abdul Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha, R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram, C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan, K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan, V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.