Species (& synonyms)	Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Coleb.
Vernacular name	Maradrashina (Kan.); Maramanjal (Mal.and Tam.).
Family	MENISPERMACEAE
Taxonomic status	Species
Habit	Liana
Habitat	Moist deciduous to evergreen forests
Original global distribution	Indo-malaya (southern India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia and W.Malesia).
Current regional distribution	Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
- Elevation (m)	350 – 1,200
- Range (km^2)	> 50,000 (KA)	< 3,000 (KL)	< 5,000 (TN)
- Area occupied (km^2)	> 5,000 (KA)	< 50 (KL)	< 10 (TN)
- No. of locations	7 (KA)	20 (KL)	3 (TN).
Population Trends
- % decline	> 80 (KA)	> 80 (KL)	> 80 (TN)
- Time/Rate (years or generations)	3 generations.
- No. of mature individuals	< 20 (KA)	< 50 (KL)	< 5 (TN)
Global population	Not assessed
Regional population	Not assessed
Data quality	General field studies and herbarium data
Recent field studies	K.R.Geetha (1999), Makut, Coorg; KFD (1998), Hebri, Uduppi, Devimane Ghat, Gerusoppa, Sharavathi back water, Someshwara WLS; P.S.Udayan (1998), Charmady MPCA and Bisle Ghat (KA). A.E.Shanawaz Khan (1995), Nilambur, Kallar, Chinikala; N.Sasidharan (1990-97), Thrissur, Chendurney WLS, Parambikulam WLS, Wynaad, Cheeralmala; P.S.Udayan (1997), Panchalimedu and Kulamavu (KL). K.Ravikumar (1992), Chittar, Keeriparai, Kanniyakumari Dt.; R.Ganesan (1998), Kakkachi hills (TN).
Threats	Human interference (I), Loss of Habitat (L), Over exploitation (Ov), Harvest for medicine (Hm).
Trade	Global, Local and Commercial.
Other comments	Valuable medicine in Ayurvedic preparation and a source of natural dye. Availability of suitable materials (tender shoots) is insufficient in numbers due to destructive collection from the wild (by total uprooting) which leads to total depletion of wild stock. Being a dioecious plant, mature individuals are needed for seed production. Liana cutting in forestry operations is a serious threat. Stem used as a substitute for Berberis aristata. Roots and stems are highly exploited for trade. Proportion global population in Tamil Nadu is < 0.5 %.
Status
- IUCN	CR (KA)	CR (KL)	CR (TN)
- Criteria based on	Population reduction (A1a.c.d), Extent of occurrence (B2).
- CITES	Yes
- IWPA (1972; 91)	Yes
- National legialation	Yes in negative list of exports (Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13.4.98, 1997-2002)
Recommendations
- Research management	Monitoring (M), Habitat management (Hm), Life history studies (Lh).
- P.H.V.A.	Yes
Cultivation prog. recommendations	Yes
- Cultivation	Level 3 (research)
- Level of difficulty	Level 2 (Moderately difficult)
Existing cultivation	Yes
- Names of facilities	Sample specimens are grown in TBGRI, CIMH, AVS and KFRI gardens. Multiplication studies are undertaken by UAS, Bangalore. Preliminary trials for multiplication conducted by KFRI using growth hormones showed encouraging results. Micro propagation attempted by KFRI was not successful.
Previous assessment	CR in CAMP-I (Feb.‘95) compiled by N.Anil Kumar, P.Balasubramanian, M.P.Nayar, A.G.Pandurangan, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, D.Ramkanth, C.J.Saldanha, Sally Walker, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, U.S.Seal, A.N.Shetty, B.V.Shetty, C.K.Sreedharan, K.N.Subramanian, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon.
Sources	K.R.Geetha, P.S.Udayan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, N.Sasidharan, K.Ravikumar, R.Ganesan (persn. observn.).
Compilers	M.Abdul Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha, R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram, C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan, K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan, V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty, B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali, S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath, P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan.