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Species (& synonyms) |
Cycas circinalis L. |
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Vernacular name |
Madanakamaraja, Salaparai (Tam.) |
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Family |
CYCADACEAE |
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Taxonomic status |
Species |
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Habit |
Tree |
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Habitat |
Deciduous
to semi-evergreen mostly in tall grasslands. |
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Original global
distribution |
East
tropical Africa, Madagascar, Indo-malesia & Sri Lanka. |
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Current regional
distribution |
Karnataka,
Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
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- Elevation (m) |
Up
to 1,000 |
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- Range (km2) |
>
20,000 (KA) |
>
20,000 (KL) |
>
20,000 (TN). |
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- Area occupied (km2) |
>
2,000 (KA) |
>
2,000 (KL) |
>
2,000 (TN). |
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- No. of locations |
5
(KA) |
>
1,000 (KL) |
12
(TN). |
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Population Trends |
|
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- % decline |
>
80 (KA) |
>
20 (KL) |
>
50 (TN) |
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- Time/Rate (years or
generations) |
3
generations |
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- No. of mature individuals |
Not
known (KA) |
>
5,000 (KL) |
>
5,000 (TN) |
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Global population |
Not
assessed |
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Regional population |
Not
assessed (KA, KL and TN) |
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Data quality |
General
field studies and herbarium data |
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Recent field studies |
Dasappa
and Ravikrishnan (1998), Chikka Tirupathi betta, Arsikere, Chikmagalur,
Savanadurga, Nagpuri, Hassan and Nagamangala, Mandya; S.P.Subramani (1997),
Siddare betta (KA). K.Ravikumar
(1992-97), Wynaad and Peechi; P.S.Udayan (1997-98), Ayyappanmala, Purakkayam,
Nellikkuttam and Muthikulam, Konnakkadavu, Ponthanpuzha and Nilakkal,
Edavani; A.E.Shanawaz Khan (19..), Amburi, Koothatukulam; A.G.Pandurangan
(1993-96), Thodupuzha, Idukki, Malappuram; S.Aroumougame (1993-96), Mukkali;
M.P.Nayar (1995), Thadikarankonam, Peechiparai (KL). P.S.Udayan (1998), Panai, Shembagathoppu, Virudhunagar;
V.S.Ramachandran (1988), Top Slip; K.Ravikumar (1992-98), Alagar hills, Keeri
parai, Marthandam; M.B.Viswanathan (1995), Kolli hills, Kalakad Mundanthurai
Tiger Reserve; V.Prabhakaran (1991), Gudalur (TN). |
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Threats |
Fire
(Sf), Harvest for food (Hf), Trade for parts (Tp), Harvest for medicine (Hm)
and ornamental purposes. |
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Trade |
Local,
regional and commercial. |
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Other comments |
As
the fronds are removed for decorative purposes, the cone formation is
affected and thereby affects regeneration. Tender leaves are used as
vegetables. Powdered seeds cooked and eaten like rice cakes. Apical meristem
are cut and used for sago extraction. Antidote for snake poison. In Alagar
Koil, Madurai, the pith is cut, powdered and used for arrack preparation.
Fruits used as aphrodisiac. Plants extremely low growing and dioecious. Often
grown as an ornamental plant. Pith is traded. Proportion global population in
Tamil Nadu is < 5 %. |
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Status |
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- IUCN |
CR (KA) |
VU (KL) |
CR (TN) |
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- Criteria based on |
Population
reduction (A1a.d) (KA & TN);
PR (A1a) (KL). |
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- CITES |
No |
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- IWPA (1972; 91) |
No |
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- National legialation |
Yes in negative list of exports
(Notification 2 (RE-98) dt 13.4.98, 1997-2002) |
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Recommendations |
|
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- Research management |
Habitat
management (Hm), Limiting factors research (Lr). |
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- P.H.V.A. |
No |
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Cultivation prog.
recommendations |
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- Cultivation |
Level
1 (ex-situ) |
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- Level of difficulty |
Level
1 (Least difficult) |
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Existing cultivation |
Yes |
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- Names of facilities |
TNFD
Research nursery, Satanur dam. TBGRI has published a booklet on “Cycads”.
Easily propagated by seeds. |
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Previous assessment |
CR (Regionally), VU (Nationally) in CAMP –I (Feb.‘95) compiled by N.Anil Kumar,
P.Balasubramanian, M.P.Nayar, A.G.Pandurangan, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh,
D.Ramkanth, C.J.Saldanha, Sally Walker, Sanjay Molur, N.Sasidharan, U.S.Seal,
A.N.Shetty, B.V.Shetty, C.K.Sreedharan,
K.N.Subramanian, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon |
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Sources |
Dasappa,
Ravikrishnan, P.S.Udayan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, A.G.Pandurangan, S.Aroumougame,
K.Ravikumar, V.S.Ramachandran, M.P.Nayar, M.B.Viswanathan, V.Prabhakaran
(persn. observn.) Dasappa & Ravikrishnan (1998), ‘Cycas valley in Chikka
Tirupathi Betta of Arsikare’. Myforest 34(2):821-822. |
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Compilers |
M.Abdul
Kareem, M.Ahmedullah, T.Ananda Rao, N.Anil Kumar, Anjali Wadehra, Anjana
Mudappa, S.Aroumougame, S.S.R.Bennet, Dasappa, J.L.Ellis, K.R.Geetha,
R.Gopalan, B.Gurudev Singh, V.P.Hiremath, V.Irudayaraj, Jagat Ram,
C.R.Jawahar, P.John Jebaraj, C.G.Kushalappa, Mohan Karnat, N.Mohanan,
K.N.Murthy, D.Narasimhan, M.P.Nayar, S.Noorunnisa Begum, A.G.Pandurangan,
V.Prabhakaran, V.S.Ramachandran, S.R.Ramesh, K.Ravikumar, Sanjay Molur,
N.Sasidharan, A.E.Shanawaz Khan, C.Seema, Y.N.Seetharam, B.V.Shetty,
B.S.Somashekhar, T.S.Srinivasa Murthy, D.Stephen, Subhash Mali,
S.P.Subramani, T.S.Suma, Sumy Oommen, D.Suresh Baburaj, M.H.Swaminath,
P.S.Udayan, D.K.Ved, Vinay Tandon, M.B.Viswanathan. |
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